Correlation vs. Causation — Quiz

1.

Ice cream sales and drowning deaths are positively correlated in summer months. The most likely explanation is:

2.

Which of the following best describes Simpson's Paradox?

3.

According to Bradford Hill (1965), which of the following is true of his nine criteria?

4.

A medical test has 95% accuracy and is used to screen for a condition that affects 1 in 1,000 people. If you test positive, the probability that you actually have the condition is:

5.

What is the key advantage of a randomised controlled trial over an observational study in establishing causation?

6.

Explain the distinction between a relative risk figure and an absolute risk figure, and describe why the difference matters when evaluating a health claim.

7.

Choose two of Bradford Hill's nine criteria and explain in your own words what they mean and why they provide evidence for a causal interpretation.

8.

Describe Simpson's Paradox in your own words and explain why it matters for reading aggregated data or statistics.