Which concept asks whether a measurement procedure would produce the same result if applied again under the same conditions?
2.
In the mechanism-based account of explanation developed by Hedström and Swedberg, what is a 'mechanism'?
3.
What is the central methodological problem that the difference-in-differences design is intended to address?
4.
According to the module, what distinguishes a sociologist's claim about youth unemployment from a journalist's claim about the same statistic?
5.
Lakatos's concept of 'research programmes' is introduced in the module primarily to make which point?
6.
Willis's 'Learning to Labour' is cited in the module as an example of what methodological point?
7.
Which of the following best describes the module's position on the relationship between quantitative and qualitative evidence?
8.
In the discussion of the US crime decline of the 1990s, the module uses this case primarily to illustrate which methodological point?
9.
Explain what 'selection bias' is in observational research and give one example from the module.
10.
What does the module mean by 'epistemic scaffolding,' and why does it matter for evaluating sociological claims?
11.
According to the module, what is the difference between epistemic humility and false equivalence, and why does the distinction matter?
12.
Drawing on at least three of the five content pages in this module, evaluate the claim that 'sociology is helpless in the face of observational data.' In your answer, explain the core challenge that observational data poses for causal inference, describe at least two strategies sociologists use to address it, and reflect on the limits of those strategies.