1. Oliver and Shapiro's *Black Wealth/White Wealth* (1995) shifted sociology of race by emphasizing:
Income over wealth Wealth — the stock of assets minus debts — as a distinct, deeper, intergenerationally transmitted dimension of racial inequality Cultural assimilation Individual prejudice alone
2. Richard Rothstein's *The Color of Law* argues that US residential segregation is primarily:
De facto, arising from individual choice De jure — produced by explicit, sustained government action including redlining, FHA policy, and zoning A product of cultural preferences Accidental
3. Redlining, as implemented by HOLC and FHA beginning in 1935:
Subsidized mortgages in Black neighborhoods Denied federally insured mortgages in Black and mixed-race neighborhoods, excluding Black families from the postwar homeownership boom Applied equally to all neighborhoods Was a purely private banking practice
4. Mehrsa Baradaran's *The Color of Money* (2017) argues that Black banks:
Have been unfairly dominant Were structurally disadvantaged from the start — confined to segregated neighborhoods with suppressed property values and low deposits — making 'bootstrap' prescriptions historically illiterate Never existed Were the main cause of the wealth gap
5. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva's 'color-blind racism' describes:
The absence of all racial prejudice A dominant ideology that denies the structural character of racial inequality through frames like abstract liberalism, naturalization, cultural racism, and minimization Complete racial equality Affirmative action programs