The Hard Problem — Why Physics Leaves a Gap

Understanding the Complex: What Is Consciousness?

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Mary's Room, again:

Mary is a neuroscientist. She knows everything — every physical fact about color vision. Every wavelength. Every receptor. Every neural pathway. Every cortical area that responds to color. She has read every paper ever written on the subject. She can predict exactly what happens in a human brain when someone sees red.

She has lived her entire life in a black-and-white room.

One day, she walks out. She sees a red apple.

Does she learn something new?

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